From year to year, Harvard University has consistently ranked among the top rankings of most world educational institutions. University professors have an unusually high reputation in the world of science and art, and their research is published in the most advanced scientific journals. Harvard alumni include 48 Nobel Prize winners (Theodore Richards, Albert Gore and others), 32 Heads of State (including John Kennedy and Barack Obama), 48 Pulitzer Prize winners (composer Eliot Carter is one of them).

Amusing facts about Harvard University

• Films such as “Spartan”, “Social Network”, “Angels and Demons” were shot at the University. Many works of art take place at the university.
• American universities have a student tradition of swallowing goldfish. The first fish was swallowed for a joke in 1938 by a Harvard student, after which it was picked up and took root in universities.
• Among the students there is a belief that if you rub the sock of a statue of sitting John Harvard, you can easily pass the exams. That’s why the sock of the protruding shoe is polished to shine.
• The bells of Harvard University bells were previously in the Russian St. Daniel’s Monastery and were sold by the Soviet government for the price of bronze in 1930s. In 2007, the bells were returned to the monastery in exchange for exact copies cast in Voronezh.
• An asteroid (736) Harvard, discovered in 1912, is named after Harvard University.
• In the early years after the opening of Harvard College, it was surrounded by a frequency bell to protect against wild animals and Indians.
• Ig Nobel Prizes were established at Harvard. The prize is awarded for curious achievements. For example, the study of black holes, which may have hell.
• Johnston Gate – the main work of the university is almost always closed. Harvard is full of other gates, open 24 hours a day (anyone can enter the territory on working days). But Johnston Gate, the main gate of the campus, is closed most of the year. This is because Harvard students only have to pass through it twice. The first time is when freshmen come to the campus, and the second, as is easy to guess, when they leave Harvard as graduates. It is considered a bad example if students pass through the gate more than twice.
• Harvard Stadium. The “U-shaped” soccer stadium was built in 1903, making it the oldest stadium in the United States.
• Harvard has the largest budget among universities in the U.S. Equity of Harvard University: 37.1 billion dollars. This makes it the largest university in the world.

Harvard University is rightly among the best universities in the world, but studying here is very expensive and many students receive scholarships that cover part or all of their tuition costs. You can read about writing your scholarship essay and other fellowship rules on the university’s website. The second feature of the university is the complexity of entrance examinations, according to statistics only 5% of those who want to become students at Harvard. However, don’t despair, you can always try your luck at taking the exam.

Polignano-a-Mare – a charming town on the coast of the crystal-clear Adriatic. Charming cottages are bundled on the edge of the coast right on the karst rocks eaten by time and the sea. From the numerous terraces you can enjoy incredible views.

Picturesque coast, incredible water color, rocks, sea air, charm of southern antiquity – in such cities you fall in love immediately. In Polignano a Mar there are old buildings, which are of interest for tourists. But there are also natural attractions. For example, sea caves, or grottos. There are many of them in these places. In which you can get only from the sea, in others – and from land. In one of the grottoes, there is an equipped restaurant. Others preserve the pristine natural beauty.

The caves are interesting not only as picturesque natural objects but also as historical ones – archeological treasures from different epochs were found here.

Denali, the highest mountain in North America.
Denali is the two-headed mountain in the south of central Alaska, the highest mountain in North America. It is located in the center of the Denali National Park. From 1896 to August 28, 2015 was called McKeeley, in honor of the 25th President of the United States. In the early XIX century was called the Big Mountain and was the highest point of the Russian Empire.

Development of Sumerian Cuneiform

Logographic form

Archaeologists believe that Sumerian writing arose out of pieces of clay that were used for purposes of record keeping. The Sumerians were a commercial people and logographic markings have been found on clay envelopes containing clay shapes e.g animal forms. It is thought that this was a form of book keeping. Sumerian logographic markings consisted of about 1200 different characters representing numerals, names and objects.

Cuneiform

Sumerian writing was a picture writing system that used symbols. When the Sumerians started using pointed instruments to make symbols, the shape of their writing changed. This type of writing was called cuneiform. Cuneiform was a word writing system because the forms represented whole words. Cuneiform therefore was not a language but a picture writing system that used symbols. These symbols came to be known and accepted even by ethnic groups that spoke different languages and dialects.

Development of the phonographic principle

Cuneiform expanded outside Mesopotamia and was adopted by the Akkadians,
the Babylonians and the Assyrians. Eventually, cuneiform became an almost universal form of written communication in the Middle East. Though the Sumerian writing remained largle logographic, the people who borrowed cuneiform adopted it into a partially syllabic form whereby a particular mark could represent a syllable or a whole word. Thus, they greatly expanded and developed the idea of sound-symbol correspondence in their adopted script. However, the Assyrian and Babylonian empires fell and cuneiform came to be used less and less as it could not compete with the alphabetic systems being developed by the Mediterranean peoples e.g. the Greeks.

The Blue Hole is named after the rich blue colour of the water’s surface. It is explained by the purity of the water and the considerable depth of such wells.

Today the Great Blue Hole is one of the most amazing dive sites found in the world. A giant well with a diameter of 400 m and a depth of 145 m is at the heart of the reef. A large number of fanciful limestone sculptures and stalactites adorn its walls and become more and more intricate as you dive deeper into the reef.

Big blue hole is Belize’s business card

The circular shape of the reef provides an ideal environment for corals to live and grow. At low tide, corals sometimes break down, but very soon new colonies emerge in their place. The Blue Hole is connected to the sea by two narrow channels. Thus, it is an almost enclosed water space. The well is a large entrance to the system of passages and caves that permeate the entire seamount. The cave once had a large vault, but at the end of the last Ice Age it collapsed due to an earthquake. At the same time, rising sea levels caused the cave to be flooded.

At a depth of the first 30 m from the surface, the stalactites adhering to the walls of the well grow perpendicularly and resemble rods. They give the impression that the walls are covered with monstrous shining spikes. A few thousand years ago, these walls were the ceiling of a cave on land. The water in the well is almost immobile. The visibility area is approaching 60 metres.

In the depths of the well, there are entrances to the caves. Some of the underwater tunnels are connected to the mainland of Belize. On the mainland itself there is also a system of water-filled wells, which are connected to each other by tunnels and caves.

Sometimes shark species can be found deep in the well. Most of the time it is quite deserted – too little light penetrates here.

This place became world-famous after the release of a film by the famous French explorer Jacques Yves Cousteau. In which he named this pit among the best places for scuba diving. Not surprisingly, the Big Blue Hole has become a real Mecca for travelers and divers. Despite the fact that due to the lack of normal water circulation, there is virtually no life in it.

The best view of the sinkhole opens up from the air, where the picture takes on a special contrast. From here you can clearly see the dark spot of the abyss of the Great Blue Hole, surrounded by a coral reef.

History of the holiday

But have you ever wondered about the origin of the holiday? How did its name come about? What exactly is celebrated on this day? Where did the tradition of dressing up as monsters, scaring each other and making sinister pumpkin lanterns come from?

This mysterious holiday originated about two thousand years ago with the ancient Celtic tribes. Halloween combines two traditions – the Celtic custom of worshipping evil spirits and the Christian tradition of singing all saints.

At that time, the Celts living in the territory of modern Great Britain and Northern Ireland divided the year into two parts – summer and winter, and October 31 was considered the last day of the harvest and outgoing day of the year – the “day of late summer”.

The New Year’s Eve celebrations heralded a change of seasons. It is believed that on this night the inhabitants of the Otherworld visited the world of the living. It was a time when the gates to other worlds were opened. A time of transition from summer to winter, a time when all living things die. The Celts called this night Samain.

In order not to become a victim of otherworldly powers, people performed rituals to comfort the dead. People gathered at a sacrificial fire at night, and dressed in the skins of killed animals, told legends of deceased ancestors.

Halloween and the Middle Ages. The roots of tradition

This tradition was passed on from generation to generation until the local population was subjected to the Christian influence of the Romans. Pagan rites were mixed with the rites of the Christian faith and already in VIII century A.D. the Christian Church, wishing to distract the English people from pagan customs, abolished Siman and invented another holiday – All Saints’ Day. This holiday is celebrated on November 1.

Previously All Hallows Even was called Allhallowmas and the festive night from 31 October to 1 November sounded like All Hallows Even or Halloween. That’s how the modern name Halloween came into being.

Halloween. These days.

Halloween is still celebrated today in Christian and pagan rites. That night, people wear ghost costumes, vampires, witches, and other evil things and put on masquerades. The main symbol of the holiday is a sacred lantern made of pumpkin, on which a “sinister” smile is carved. Such a pumpkin is also called the Jack-o’-lantern lamp. It is believed that the pumpkin lamp is placed outside the window to scare away evil spirits. Tonight, children dress up as monsters, walk from house to house, beg for sweets from their neighbors and shout, “Trick-or-treat!” The neighbors, in order to pay off the “evil spirits” and not to piss off real evil, treat the children with sweets and various sweets.

Introduction

The East African Rift System is an amazing and most significant place for all of humanity. Recently, archaeological finds have convincingly confirmed that the origin of mankind occurred precisely in the eastern part of Africa. It was there that the evolution of the common human ancestor and chimpanzees to Homosapiensa took place.

If only this territory were marked by this, then it would quite legally go down in the history of mankind. But the East African rift system, which covers part of the Middle East, is the focus of significant artifacts for the history of mankind, stages of development, and probably not only for humanity, but also for previous civilizations. This permeates the whole culture of Egypt with truly cyclopean structures. Ancient cities with temple complexes in modern Israel. The ancient city of Baalbek in the territory of modern Lebanon. Recently discovered artifacts in Ethiopia.

The Great African Lakes with their unique biological systems are located on the territory of the East African Rift System, the evolution of which could continue to this day, if not for the anthropogenic factor. Hearing the word Africa, there is always an association with a hot climate. Therefore, for many of us, this factor fits well with the evolutionary conditions, although the “refined” Homosapiens has dark skin, but we will be explained that Europeans and other peoples of the World have finally got their appearance as a result of the adaptation of Homosapiens to local living conditions.

Then a naive (private opinion) idea arises that the evolution that has occurred and is occurring is the result of a random set of circumstances – a random mutation “multiplied” by natural selection. But there is one factor that is present in all biota on Earth. This is electricity. All biota is immersed in this energy and the fact that it is saturated with this from the inside only confirms that this energy was not only present at the origin of life from the microworld, but was also one of the most important factors of evolution. On the other hand, they do not actually exist from the forces known to us except electricity, which could attract, repel or be neutral. Animals are generally walking power plants. Bacteria that do not have their own metachondria live in an environment filled with electricity. For example, in the human body several kilograms of bacteria. The earth’s crust is the fullest refuge of bacteria. And if bacteria live in the earth’s crust, then this indicates that they are good there. There is water, a nutrient medium. There is, according to the author of this article, an upward flow of geoelectricity. And there is no fatal solar radiation for many of them.

If life on Earth did not come from Cosmos, but the evolution of living things occurred from simple to complex, then the earth’s crust may well be its “cradle”. In this case, the flow of geoelectricity becomes the energy guarantor of the emergence of life. The hypothesis of geoelectricity, born of the planet itself, is present in the last articles of the author. Using this hypothesis, it was possible to harmonize (a private opinion) the idea of ​​individual phenomena, both on Earth and in the solar system , , , , , . Geoelectricity (excess electrons), in accordance with the previously stated hypothesis , is formed in the central part of the Earth, where the pressure exceeds a certain threshold value. Due to the properties of the propagation of electricity, excess electrons participate in the formation of the Earth’s dipole magnetic field, heating the Earth’s mantle and partially accumulate at the boundary of the mantle and the Earth’s crust. Part of the accumulated geoelectricity flows into the earth’s crust. In the earth’s crust, geoelectricity naturally rushes to the surface and participates in the process of heating as a conventional electrical conductor.

This article attempts to look at the East African rift system from the point of view of the existence of geoelectricity coming from the depths of the Earth and the influence of this energy flow on the biota, including humans. In this article, from this perspective, the GREATEST SANCTUITY – the Church of the Holy Sepulcher will be considered and an attempt will be made to substantiate the phenomena that occurred earlier and are occurring in it at the present time from a physical point of view. There is confidence that there is nothing reprehensible in this, since the laws of science, if they are true themselves, are the intention of the CREATOR. And the time will come when all manifestations of man will be harmonized with nature and our idea of ​​TRUTH.

This article attempts to look at the East African rift system from the point of view of the existence of geoelectricity coming from the depths of the Earth and the influence of this energy flow on the biota, including humans. In this article, from this perspective, the GREATEST SANCTUITY – the Church of the Holy Sepulcher will be considered and an attempt will be made to substantiate the phenomena that occurred earlier and are occurring in it at the present time from a physical point of view. There is confidence that there is nothing reprehensible in this, since the laws of science, if they are true themselves, are the intention of the CREATOR. And the time will come when all manifestations of man will be harmonized with nature and our idea of ​​TRUTH.

This article addresses the issue of the influence of geoelectricity on the livelihoods of the largest group of living organisms – microbes. An assumption has been put forward about the direct relationship of microbes in the earth’s crust and the emergence of oil and gas deposits.

The issues raised in the article are mainly presented at a qualitative level, that is, at the level of an idea, which corresponds to the title of the article.

Southeast Africa as a place of evolution

Our human race is extremely lucky that conditions have formed in a separate territory of Africa that have led to the slow evolution of hominins. Over the course of several million years, a leap has been made from a common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees to Homosapiensa. The following are the individual stages of archaeological discoveries related to the evolution of hominins. The places of detection of archaeological finds of the corresponding evolutionary forms are presented, as well as their certain characteristic. For convenience of identifying the place of discovery of archaeological finds, you can use Fig. 1 , which depicts the borders of states and the largest African lakes that are part of the East African rift system. The Republic of Chad is located a little northwest of South Sudan.

Separate stages of archaeological discoveries are presented based on materials , , . These include both individual forms close to the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, and hominins:

1. Sahelanthropustchadensis – a form corresponding to the ideas of how a common ancestor of man and chimpanzees could look. This find was made in 2001, Lake Chad. Her age is 6-7 million years ;
2. Orrorintugenensis – a form close to the common ancestor of man and chimpanzees. This find was made in 2000, Kenya. Her age is about 6 million years ;
3. The first representative of the genus Australopithecus, approximately 4.2 mil. years. In 2000, a well-preserved skeleton of a young Afar Australopithecus (Australopithecusafarensis), most likely a girl of three years old, who lived 3.3 million years ago, was found in Ethiopia. The brain volume for Australopithecus was 400-450 cm3 ;
4. Imprints of traces of Australopithecus from Laetoli (northern Tanzania), whose age is about 3.6 million years. The gait of these Australopithecus was almost the same as that of modern humans ;
5. Homohabilis – a representative of hominin, who was the first to make the simplest stone tools. Habilis brain volume averaged 650 cm3. The first specimen was discovered by archaeologists Mary and Louis Leakey in November 1960 in the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania ;
6. Homoergaster – a representative of hominins with an increased brain volume, which ranges from 750 to 1250 cm³. In 1971, on the sandy cape of Koobi Fora on the eastern shore of Lake Turkana in northern Kenya, Richard Leakey found the well-preserved lower jaw of this hominin (Homoergaster appears about 1.9 million years ago) .

In addition, it should be noted that “A comparative analysis of the mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes of modern people has shown that humanity comes from a small population that lived in East Africa 160-200 thousand years ago. … And it is very interesting that the most ancient fossils of anatomically modern people are found just in this area and have just about this age. They were discovered in 1967 in the south of Ethiopia by Richard Leakey, however, the age of these bones was only recently determined precisely. It turned out that these skulls are 195 thousand years old (see: 195,000 years ago, “anatomically modern” people lived in Ethiopia). … The first exit of sapiens from Africa – according to archaeological data – took place about 135-115 thousand years ago. The first exit did not lead to far-reaching consequences, the sapiens in Asia Minor were soon disappearing. 90-85 thousand years ago there was a second exit of sapiens from Africa. And from this small group of emigrants subsequently came the whole of extra-African humanity ”.

Once standing on the “podium of evolution”, Homosapiens never allowed anyone to be equal with himself. It is believed that this is a consequence of its rather high aggressiveness. But you cannot blame him for this. Time and manners were harsh then! In addition, evolution endowed our closest ancestor with relative omnivorousness. This expanded his “gastronomic” assortment, which only increased his vitality. But the main factor ensuring his “invincibility” is his enlarged brain.

On the territory of East Africa, not only the evolution of hominins took place, but also the multiple evolution of aquatic inhabitants in some lakes was recorded. Figure 1 shows the territory of the Eastern Rift Valley with lakes deposited on it. According to A.V. Markov, Doctor of Biological Sciences, in some lakes evidence was found of the presence of intermediate forms of evolution among the inhabitants of these lakes. In the Great African Lakes Victoria, Malawi (the new name is Nyasa), Tanganyika, Tana, originally from a very small number of ancestral fish species of the cichlid family, hundreds of species were formed. Approximately 500 species in each large lake. It took from several hundred thousand to several million years.

In Ethiopia, in the relatively young Lake Tana, which is about 30 thousand years old from one large barbel, Barbus intermedius, 14 new evolutionary forms have formed over 20-30 thousand years. Obviously, these facts indicate that this territory is favorable for the evolution of biota living on it, and this should be explained.

East African Rift System

On the territory of the East African rift system there are active and extinct volcanoes, mountain ranges, which in fact can be considered as the “Roof of the Continent.” Here are the highest peaks in Africa (over 5 thousand meters): Kilimanjaro (5895 meters), Kenya (5199 meters), Marguerite peak (5109 meters), as well as Mount Meru (4567 meters) and Elgon ( 4321 m.), Virunga volcanic highlands. Basically, these are freestanding mountains, near which there are vast plains and savannahs.

The system of Great African Lakes has already been mentioned, among which Lake Victoria is the largest in area – 69,485 square kilometers, and which does not belong to rift lakes in its geology. The deepest is Lake Tanganyika, commensurate in depth and structure with the rift lake Baikal. A significant part of the Great African Lakes is formed due to the formation of the rift system. This can be seen from Fig. 3, which shows the rift ledges that frame most of the lakes.

The East African rift system has been developing since the Oligocene in a tensile environment. Volcanism concentrated along the rift zone. Large volcanic masses Kilimanjaro and Kenya were laid The opening of the East African rift system continues at a speed of 4 mm per year (in the region of the Ethiopian rift), which leads to the gradual separation of the Somali block from Africa. “The continental crust under the rift system of East Africa has a reduced thickness (about 25 km); in the southern part of the Afar basin, the crust thickness is reduced to 13 km, and in the northern part it is replaced by an oceanic type crust. The heat flow in the region is increased by 2 times or more. Seismic activity is high ”. The noted geological features of the East African rift system indicate that the surface of this territory is more accessible for influence on it from the side of the Earth’s mantle.

In previous works of the author of this article, it is expressed, not without reason (private opinion), that the Earth’s mantle and especially its boundary with the Earth’s crust are saturated with geoelectricity, which penetrates the surface of the Earth’s crust with difficulty, but , , . Such penetration of geoelectricity becomes more intense during the period of tectonic activity, which occurs on the territory of the East African rift system. This is probably the reason for the increased heat flux, since the earth’s crust in this area becomes a conductor of electricity, which thus heats up. Obviously, only part of the electric flow is spent on thermal energy. The rest of the electric current (possibly smaller) permeates the surface of this territory. Such a territory on the surface of the Earth is not the only one.

Above the text of this article, it was noted that as a result of the evolution of biota, biological life was created, which itself was filled with electricity. Based on this, it can be concluded that the flows of geoelectricity are that external energy that is directly involved in the evolutionary process, creating biological forms adapted to the environment.

To a greater extent, this applies to the simplest biological forms – bacteria, viruses, and possibly something else. These are those that lack their own energy source, such as in cells with mitochondria in developed biological forms. Nevertheless, an external source of electricity (geoelectricity) undoubtedly played a significant role in the evolutionary process, even if due to additional mutations (private opinion). Thus, the territory of the East African rift system, according to the author of this article, can be reckoned among ecosystems with more intense evolutionary potency. Such territories may include, for example, black smokers at the bottom of the oceans, individual geothermal springs, and it is possible that there are many such territories not only on the surface of the earth’s crust, but also in its depths.

Bacteria as a marker of geoelectricity

Bacteria are the largest living single-celled organisms on Earth. Their main habitat is the earth’s crust. To a much lesser extent, they are present in airspace, and this is only due to drops of moisture. For many bacteria, the atmosphere is an aggressive environment due to solar radiation. Some of their representatives really like to live in plants and animals by “mutual agreement”. Some of them feel good in thermal springs. But most of the bacteria live in water and in the ground.

More recently, information has passed that a huge kingdom of unknown life was discovered underground. It turned out that as a result of drilling under the continents and oceans to a depth of up to five kilometers below the land surface, and up to 10 km below the ocean surface, one hundred trillion quadrillion living organisms were discovered. It was estimated that the total carbon mass of this new biota is from 15 to 23 gigatons, while the total mass of mankind is 0.06 gigatons of carbon. It was found that the found underground ecosystem contains up to 70% of all types of terrestrial microbes. And these microbes found at such a depth are also good.

If by now the majority of bacteria are not described, then taking into account the opening of the “new kingdom”, microbiologists will have to do a great job. The material presented convinces us that the “real” life is “seething” not on the surface, but deep under our feet. But is it necessary for such a large army of living organisms to have appropriate energy resources? And indirect evidence that these resources exist is provided by the bacteria themselves.

From it follows that in bacteria “… important biochemical reactions, such as the formation of ATP, occur due to the concentration gradient of certain ions on opposite sides of the membrane, which creates a potential difference, like in a battery.” This means that the space in which the bacteria are located has an electric charge different from that which fills the bacterium from the inside. Thus, it can be argued that the source of energy for bacteria is an external electric current that has a negative charge, since otherwise the movement of positive ions would occur, which is equivalent to the movement of matter. But this does not happen.

If the hypothesis of the existence of geoelectricity is harmonious for bacteria, then we can assume that the rest of the microbial world uses the same mechanisms of energy supply. Everything that works well for one, evolution does not have to reconsider for another, living in the same environment. It is possible that this reasoning will seem amateurish, but in support of it one can rely on the idea that life cannot appear without an initial energy flow. Suffice it to recall the black smokers at the bottom of the oceans.

If the flow of geoelectricity exists, then we can assume its total power, based on the total mass of all microbes under the earth and water surface. In addition, the difference between the newly found microbes from those already known to us can be explained by the natural increase in the flow of geoelectricity at a greater depth.

In connection with the new discoveries cited, which make it possible to at least approximately evaluate the “power of the underworld”, one can come closer to the conditions for the emergence of oil and gas. After all, this “power of the underworld” consists largely of hydrocarbons. This topic may seem outside the scope of this article, but it is very curious and appropriate from the point of view of converting one form of energy – geoelectricity, into another form of energy – heat (oil and gas). If we consider only a static situation, then the life of the considered microbial space is approximately stable. The use of microbes in the form of biomass for its further transformation, possibly in the case of a change in the habitat of microbes, as a result of which the microbes die.

And there is such a mechanism. This is a periodic glaciation of the Earth, which begins with tectonic activity and an increase in the average temperature on the planet, and then a gradual decrease in the average temperature. It is also accompanied by a change in the flow of geoelectricity in the earth’s crust. The author of this article addressed the issue of glaciation and the influence of geoelectricity on processes in the earth’s crust in . This may be those factors that create conditions in separate spaces of the earth’s crust that are incompatible for the normal existence of microbes and the conversion of hydrocarbons from decayed microbes to other chemical compounds. There were several dozen such glaciations in the history of the Earth.

In addition, it is necessary to consider the processes associated with the inversion of the Earth’s magnetic field. In , the question of the inversion of the Earth’s magnetic field was considered, which occurs in the case of a radical change in the structure inside the Earth caused by heating and convection of matter in the space where the magnetic field is formed. Simultaneously with these processes, in the region of the axis of rotation of the Earth in the direction of the opposite pole, a new structure is formed by generating the Earth’s magnetic field opposite to the previous one. Over the entire history of the Earth, inversions of the magnetic field have been detected many tens of times. At the same time, the climatic conditions in the hemispheres change, especially in the territories adjacent to the poles. Perhaps raising or lowering certain territories. All this is due to a change in the temperature regime inside the Earth.

All of the above affects the state of the temperature regime of the earth’s crust. Obviously, in this case, the temperature regime in a certain area of ​​the presence of microbes can be significantly changed to a state incompatible with their life. All dead biomass of hydrocarbons can be used for further chemical transformations.

In the process of converting biomass, centrifugal forces from the rotation of the Earth will shift it to the equatorial side. On the way to this side, this biomass will change under the influence of the environment. On the way to the equator, the converted biomass can accumulate in confined spaces. In the future, these accumulations may become oil and gas deposits.

In this design for the formation of oil and gas, the process of restoring oil and gas fields after dozens or more years naturally looks like. During this period, new hydrocarbon flows that were originally closer to the poles may flow into the initial field. Over time, this source will also dry up, but another glaciation or two inversions of the magnetic field will pass and new biomass formations will appear to replenish old or create new deposits. This is certainly an optimistic scenario, but possible.

Among the existing hypotheses of the origin of oil, the most popular hypotheses are:

1. Biogenic or organic theory of the origin of oil;
2. Abiogenic or inorganic theory of the origin of oil;
3. The theory of the cosmic origin of oil.

The assumption expressed in this article about the origin of oil and gas is closest to organic theory, although it assumes plants and animals that are at the bottom of various water bodies as a source of hydrocarbons.

Microbiologists, given the ubiquitous and significant presence of microorganisms, joke that on Earth the dominant factor is not humans, but microorganisms. Surprisingly, this can be TRUE.

One can imagine what would have happened if a modern man had not appeared. Gas and oil fields accumulated. Obviously, in this process, quantity would go into quality. The saturation of the Earth with oil and gas is quite capable of undermining the living space, both for microorganisms and for the entire biota. With the advent of modern man, who, with varying degrees of success, converts hydrocarbons into gas, heat, and objects useful for his life, the tragedy is probably pushed into the future.

Maybe this is the main purpose of humanity on Earth. They say that hominins at a certain stage of their development occupied a niche of scavengers. It is likely that this is not accidental. It was their way of survival. If the suggested assumption about the origin of oil and gas is true, then the human activity for the conversion of oil, gas and coal (peat) can also be considered as a function necessary for cleaning the Earth from waste products of another biota. Surprisingly, this has become a prestigious job for many people.

Perhaps this is the real harmony of man with nature!

The Descent of the Holy Fire

For some time now, religion began to occupy a significant place in human society. Over the past ten thousand years, this significant factor in the life of people, like society itself, has experienced many changes. Life changed, people changed, gods changed, religion changed, but the relationship of DIVINE and MIRACULOUS remained unchanged, as sufficient conditions for the existence of both. It was especially convincing if one could see it and even touch it.

One of these MIRACLES in the Christian religion is the Descent of the Holy Fire in the temple of the Resurrection in Jerusalem. The Church of the Resurrection was built in the 4th century by Emperor Constantine and the Holy Fire was seen in the church during the first service at Easter. At the place where the blessed fire appeared, they built a chapel with the sepulcher of the Lord – it is called Kuvukliya.

“The Holy Sepulcher, or the Holy Sepulcher (Greek ΑγιοςΤάφος) – the main shrine of the Christian world, a tomb in the rock; this tomb is recognized by the Historical Churches as the place where, according to the Gospel, Jesus Christ was buried after the crucifixion and was resurrected on the third day. The tomb is the main altar of the Church of the Resurrection of Christ in Jerusalem ”.

 “The first of the church historians to open the Holy Sepulcher is Eusenius of Caesarea in his work, The Life of Constantine.” He reports that a pagan temple was built by the Romans at the site of the cave where Jesus was buried:

Some godless and ungodly people intended to hide this saving cave from people’s eyes, with an insane intention to hide the truth through it. Having used a lot of work, they brought the land from somewhere and filled up all that place with it. Then, raising the embankment to a certain height, they paved it with a stone, and under this high embankment they concealed a divine cave. Having finished such work, they could only prepare a strange, truly tomb of souls on the surface of the earth, and they built a gloomy dwelling place for dead idols, a cache of the voluptuous demon Aphrodite, where they made hated sacrifices on unclean and vile altars.

• Eusebius of Caesarea, “The Life of Constantine.” III, 36.

By order of Konstantin, the embankment of the temple was torn down and “suddenly in the depths of the earth, beyond all expectations, an empty space appeared, and then the Honest and All-Holy Sign of the Resurrection Resurrection. Then the sacred cave became for us the image of the Savior returning to life ”” .

It must be recalled that Aphrodite in Greek mythology is the goddess of beauty, love, fertility, eternal spring and life, as well as the goddess of marriage and even childbirth. It is hard to imagine that a goddess with such “official duties” may be suspected of something obscene (private opinion). On the other hand, this is a very important evidence from the past, which partly sheds light on the unusualness of this place itself, which attracted to itself, setting out correctly, representatives of different beliefs, sometimes with opposite goals and means of achieving them.

This article does not set the task of revealing the purpose of the structures built earlier on this site and the meaning of sacrifice. It is only important to reflect the fact of their existence as a “marker” that emphasizes the peculiarity of this place. According to the author of this article, it is important to note that this place was originally paved with stone. This is a small touch to further narration. “By 335, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher was built over the cave by Emperor Constantine … which is currently a huge architectural complex, including Calvary with the place of the Crucifixion, Kuvukliya – a chapel in the center of the temple, hiding directly the coffin of the Sepulcher, the Anointing Stone, Kafolikon, an underground temple Findings of the Life-giving Cross, the church of St. Helena of the Equal-to-the-Apostles and several chapels ”.

From the time of construction until 1810, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, including Kuvukliya, underwent several barbaric destruction and fire in 1808, but was always restored. The last restoration was carried out in 2016 – 2017. In fig. 4 you can feel the greatness of this temple and the level of its filling by believers on Easter. The massive architecture of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher suggests a serious stone foundation, which was laid hundreds of years ago.

After a brief historical background, it is proposed to proceed directly to the procedure preceding the Descent of the Holy Fire with emphasis on certain important points. At ten o’clock in the morning of Great Saturday every year all candles, lamps and other light sources are extinguished in the temple. But in the dome of the temple of the Holy Sepulcher there is a fairly large hole (probably it has a special name) through which daylight breaks into the temple.

After twelve o’clock in the afternoon, the premises of the temple are filled with pilgrims-tourists from many states. Each of those present seeks to be an eyewitness of the wonderful Concentration of the Holy Fire. The central role in what is happening belongs to the Patriarch. Three times bypassing Kuvukliya, he stops in front of her doors.

The fact of the Descent of the Holy Fire is very important for those present and all believers on Earth.

“It is believed that the year when the Holy Fire does not descend on the Holy Sepulcher will mean the end of the world and the power of the Antichrist. Holding unlit Easter eggs (large holiday candles) in their hands, those present pray, repent of their sins and ask the Lord to give the Holy Fire ”.

In the entire history of the existence of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher there were only two cases when the fact of the Descent of the Holy Fire was not observed. The first time this happened in 1101, and the second in 1578, and all this is due to the fact that Eastern and local Christians were not allowed to attend the official ceremony. In the second case, the Orthodox Patriarch, along with other priests, was forced to pray at the gate on Easter Eve. The minions of the Armenian Church failed to see the miracle of God. One of the columns of the courtyard, in which the Orthodox prayers offered, cracked, and a pillar of fire appeared from it. In fig. 6 shows a cracked column. Since then, the agreement on the mandatory presence of Orthodox Christians in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher for Easter has been strictly valid.

“The last to enter the temple are local Orthodox Arabs. On Great Saturday, they appear in the square with songs and dances, and then enter the chapel. In it, they say ancient prayers in Arabic, in which they turn to Christ and the Mother of God. This condition is mandatory for the appearance of the Holy Fire. … According to oral tradition, during the years of British rule over Jerusalem (1918-1947), the English governor tried to ban once the “savage” dances. The Patriarch of Jerusalem prayed for two hours, but to no avail. Then the Patriarch ordered his will to let the Arab youth. After they performed the ritual, the Fire came down ”.

After completing all necessary procedures, the Patriarch enters Kuvukliya. “When the Patriarch is left alone, behind closed doors, the real sacrament begins. On his lap the Most Holy Lord prays for the message of the Holy Fire. His prayers are not heard by people outside the doors of the chapel – but they can observe their result! Blue and red flashes of flash appear on the walls, columns and icons of the temple, reminiscent of reflections during a firework. At the same time, blue lights appear on the marble slab of the Sepulcher. One of them the priest touches with a cotton ball – and the fire spreads over him. The patriarch lights a lamp with a fleece and transfers it to the Armenian bishop ”. Further, the Holy Fire is transmitted to all those present in the temple.

In 2008, the Russian physicist Andrei Volkov managed to get into Kuvukliya with special equipment. There he was able to make appropriate measurements of electromagnetic radiation. It was recorded that a few minutes before the removal of the Holy Fire from Kuvuklia, a device that fixes the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation detected a strange long-wave impulse in the church that no longer appeared.

Taking into account that the topic discussed is very important for the Christian World, the author of this article apologizes in advance for pragmatism and the unintentional possible lowering of the phenomenon itself – the Descent of the Holy Fire. The miraculousness of this phenomenon is already in the fact that the Descent of the Holy Fire is able to unite millions of people, regardless of citizenship and color. And this is a real MIRACLE in our society, whose history is permeated by wars and suffering.

According to the author of this article, the above evidence meets the condition for geoelectricity to enter the surrounding space above the earth’s surface when two mediums (air and the earth’s surface, including the built temple) are exposed to an alternating electric field, which is generated as a result of the acoustic effect on the quartz-containing building materials of the temple Holy Sepulcher and stone slabs. Earlier, attention was paid to the stone floor and the foundation of the temple, which is at least older than the walls being erected.

From the above evidence, there is an obvious relationship between the level of acoustic energy in the temple (the number of people in the temple and their emotional manifestations) with the condition of the Descent of the Holy Fire. When the acoustic energy reaches a certain limit value, “blue and red flashes of flash” begin to appear, and “blue lights appear on the marble slab of the Sepulcher”. It is likely that in this process not only the level of acoustic energy is important, but also its spectral characteristic, in which certain frequencies should dominate.

From a physical point of view, this is evidence not only of the existence of an elevated level of geoelectricity in the ground under the temple, but also the release of geoelectricity through the architectural structures of the temple (walls, floor) and Kuvukliya into the air. The flows of electrons of geoelectricity, passing through the walls of the temple and, in particular, the marble lid that covers the holy Lodge, go into the atmosphere, where there is a glow from the interaction of electrons and atoms of the atmosphere. That is why the blue-blue color dominates in the emission of this light. A similar shade is present in fluorescent lamps, which changes its spectrum, passing through a glass flask, coated from the inside with a special composition. According to historical evidence, the source of light in eternally burning lamps has the same shade . If the level of acoustic energy in the temple is insufficient, then in this case the Descent of the Holy Fire will not occur. This is confirmed by three previously cited evidence, when there were restrictions on admission to the temple for Easter.

In the case when in 1578 the Patriarch, along with other priests, was forced to pray at the gates of the church on Easter Eve, there was actually a separation of acoustic energy between the interior of the church and the outer territory. In this case, an excessive concentration of geoelectricity occurred in one of the outer columns, near which the Patriarch prayed with other priests. Geoelectricity began to penetrate upward through the outer column. She could not stand the temperature expansion and burst. An electric discharge was perceived as a lightning strike.

From a physical point of view, the above arguments allow us to draw an analogy between the Church of the Holy Sepulcher and the famous megalithic complexes like the Pyramid of Cheops and Stonehenge. Confirmation of this is evidence that the first Descent of the Holy Fire was already noticed inside the church on Easter. On the spot where this happened, Kuvukliya was later built. From the above reasoning, the following conclusions should naturally follow:

1. The Church of the Holy Sepulcher was built in a special place, which in everyday life is called a place of power. It is no accident that a pagan temple was built on this site before the construction of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. Obviously, the energy emanating from this place was in demand;
2. If the stated hypothesis is true, then the necessary acoustic effect inside the Church of the Holy Sepulcher can be reproduced with acoustic equipment;
3. If the stated hypothesis is true, then the Descent of the Holy Fire can be not only on Easter;
4. If the stated hypothesis is true, then a contradiction arises in the source of the Holy Fire. In fairness, for the sake of Earth and Heaven, they are in essence equal and integral parts of BEING. From this point of view, the source of the Holy Fire is that created by the CREATOR.

For greater certainty in this matter, it is necessary to impose the geology of this territory on this hypothesis. From fig. Figure 3 shows that the East African rift system in the form of a northern fault directly passes near the Dead Sea, from which it is only about 25 km to Jerusalem. This means that the city of Jerusalem and the temple of the Holy Sepulcher are actually located in the zone of tectonic activity, which, like the entire East African rift system, is characterized by seismic activity and increased heat flow.

Considering the nature of Homosapiensa, which has conquered the whole Earth, as well as the history of mankind, filled with blood and suffering, the very fact of the unity of people on Easter Eve around the WORLD and in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher is a WONDERFUL holiday, the decoration of which is the Descent of the Holy Fire. If there is no unity of people in the temple of the Holy Sepulcher, then it is possible that those present in the temple will be less than usual. In this case, the Descent of the Holy Fire will be in question. Physics probably agrees with this.

Conclusion

Observations of nature convince us that the processes of creation and destruction are eternal, as the law of unity and struggle of opposites. But creation differs from destruction in that this process is much longer, probably because the energy density of the forces of creation per unit volume is always small (private opinion). Perhaps this is precisely why the creation process has alternative development paths. It’s like a motorist driving at a high speed to an intersection with numerous options for further driving. The high speed of the car cuts off the possibility of strong turns and allows you to move only in the direction of the initial movement. As a result, possible branches of evolution become inaccessible.

Therefore, the estimated flow of geoelectricity from the depths of the Earth remains without due attention. A person usually remembers the shock of household current, but the current from the electric battery may not notice. And only the majestic buildings of the past, which we call megalithic complexes, their engineering structure, make us think about the small, which, multiplied by the power of megaliths, becomes significant. This is the case when the form suggests the content, which at the initial stage can only be a hypothesis.

Obviously, the geology of the city of Jerusalem in Israel is thoroughly studied. The author of this article hopes that this knowledge will not conflict with this article. This article outlines the conditions for the Descent of the Holy Fire in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. The author of this article hopes that these conditions will be perceived with some skepticism, irony and curiosity, and perhaps even interest. It is clear that no one will allow a public experiment in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. Maybe some people think that the author of this article is counting on this? Not at all! It seems that the CHURCH itself should be interested in this. She must know the TRUTH in order not to be helpless once!

There is hope that the material presented and specific examples regarding the influence of geoelectricity are convincing enough to raise doubts and the question arose about TRUTH, which knows how to pretend to be understood.

Introduction

It is difficult to imagine a modern person who in his life had not heard of the mysterious Easter Island. This topic periodically arises in the media, and especially when regular researchers shed light on the unusual phenomena present on this island. A lot of factual material has already accumulated and it seems that the accumulation stage is about to end. Hypotheses should appear that affect the underlying causes that led to this extraordinary concentration of the mysterious and mysterious.

The author of this article tried to reveal the nature of this mysterious and mysterious. In his research, the author relied on the nature of geoelectricity, which was prepared (private opinion) in previous articles of the author. These studies allowed us to take a different look at the megalithic period in the history of mankind. Step by step, it was possible to explain (private opinion) the purpose of individual megalithic complexes, and this, in the understanding of the author, made it possible to form a connecting thread between the past and the present.

Easter Island made it possible to very clearly illustrate the hypothesis about the nature of tectonic activity described in , and the fight against this phenomenon. The most surprising thing was that the methods of combating tectonic activity in the distant past were based on the mass involvement of wide sections of the population in this struggle. This struggle became total, since each person could contribute to the formation of an influence tool – the flow of geoelectricity from the bowels of the Earth. It is important that a person has an incentive to do this, based on understanding, intuition or belief in something else. The energy of all people, gathered together and directed into the mainstream of common sense, is able to withstand the cataclysms of nature. The issues raised in the article are mainly presented at a qualitative level, that is, at the level of an idea, which corresponds to the title of the article.

Easter Island

For many decades, interest in the small Easter Island has not diminished. Local natives christened him – Rapanui or Rapa Nui. Easter Island is the most remote island on the globe. The distance to a nearby stretch of land in the west is two thousand ninety-two kilometers, and in the east – two thousand nine hundred seventy-one kilometers. 1a. In fig. 1b shows a top view of Easter Island with a corresponding shade of soil, which characterizes a rather sparse vegetation. The island is formed in the shape of a triangle, on each edge of which there are extinct volcanoes. Interest in Easter Island is primarily due to the unusual and numerous stone statues (idols) called moai, mainly located around the perimeter of the island, on the slopes of volcanoes and even in the vents of one of them. Numerous stone statues are not the only attraction on Easter Island.

“Some legends claim that Easter Island was once part of one large country (many consider it to be a surviving part of Atlantis). This looks pretty believable, because today on Easter a lot of evidence was found confirming these legends: there are roads on the island that lead directly to the ocean, a large number of underground tunnels have been dug, originating in local caves and paving the way in an unknown direction, as well as others not less significant information and amazing findings ”. The area of ​​the island is about one hundred and sixty square kilometers. It is located on a huge hill, which was called the East Pacific Upland.

Easter Island was visited by many researchers, including Tour Heyerdahl and Jacques-Yves Cousteau, who at the bottom near the island examined “… the silhouettes of the walls, forming something like a section of a big city” . “In 1973-1977, several American oceanologists studied the ocean troughs near Easter Island … they discovered sixty-five underwater peaks and agreed with the hypothesis of the existence of an unknown archipelago that was in this area tens of thousands of years ago, and then fell into the water” .

On the other hand, “Geological and oceanographic studies near Easter by Chubb confirmed the fact that it did not drop a millimeter, and while the monuments were erected, the coastline was as stable as it is today. This argument was repeated by the Swedish expedition, which established the island’s geological stability, which lasts at least a million years ”. In this series of facts there are many that are dedicated to the lifestyle of the indigenous population. His struggle for survival on the island, which is actually the summit of three extinct volcanoes. The fact that people live on the top of the volcano is not their whim, but a consequence of circumstances that were probably present as objectivity long before raising water or lowering the land.

On Easter Island, there are numerous structures that are called akhu platforms and are in the shadow of moai statues both in the literal and figurative sense of the word. At a certain historical stage, these platforms began to be used as the basis for the installation of moai stone statues. This is probably why little attention was paid to these objects, for example, little attention is paid to the podium of winners in sports competitions. Everyone looks at the winners who stand on it, and the pedestal is important with the numbers on it.

All this affects the deep causal connection of the appearance of objects on Easter Island. It would be nice to know the whole story, but who reliably tells it? The surviving writing does not yet answer these questions. The power of Chile is peculiar to the interest of researchers. Therefore, it is more likely to independently draw up a “picture of the world” based on the available facts. Below, we will consider some of the listed artifacts of the past with the aim of combining them into a single “picture of the world”, which, according to the author of this article, can make a fresh look at the previous history of the island.

Stone statues of Easter Island

Currently, about 900 statues are known on Easter Island. “It is believed that the statues were made by the natives of the island between 1250 and 1500, but there is no consensus on the issue of their movement around the island. The largest moai weighs over 82 tons ”. First of all, it should be noted that the stone statues of Easter Island differ in size and appearance. In fig. 2a shows various moai in comparison with the contour of a person. “The usual size of moai is 3-5 m. The average width of the base is 1.6 m. The average weight of such statues is less than 5 tons (although a weight of 12.5-13.8 tons is indicated). Less often, the height of the statues is 10-12 m. No more than 30-40 statues have a weight of more than 10 tons. ” fig. 3.

The highest of the newly installed on a pedestal with a height of 9.8 m. All such statues are now quietly installing a 15-ton crane. The highest statues of Easter Island are located on the outer slope of the volcano Rano Raraku rice. 4a. The largest of them is Piropiro, 11.4 m. Many statues are in unfinished condition in the quarries of the volcano Rano Raraku fig. 5a. The round pucao cylinders on the heads of the statues are made of basalt pumice from Puna Pao volcano, but possibly from the same material from closer deposits of rice. 5 B. The weight of stone cylinders is not more than 500-800 kg rice. 5b, less often 1.5–2 tons of rice. 4b.

 The color of pumice, depending on the iron content, varies from white and bluish to yellow, brown and black. In this case, the round Pucao cylinders on the heads of the statues are brown or close to it. It is likely that in this case, the Pucao cylinders contain a significant proportion of iron, which can determine the Pucao property not only in color, but also in electrical conductivity. According to the results of archaeological excavations, the famous explorer and traveler Thor Heyerdahl concluded that the history of Easter Island (for the construction of statues and platforms) can be divided into three periods: – early (400-1100 years), in which immigrants who arrived on the island and made their descendants large statues and installed them on the largest and highest quality platforms;

• medium (1100-1680 gg.), when there was a sharp decline in the quality and size of statues and platforms;
• late (1680-1868), when statues of usual size that were previously installed on the platforms were overthrown, after which the statues ceased to be made at all.

In accordance with this chronology, the earliest statue includes statues installed on the outer slope of the volcano Rano Raraku fig. 4a. Many of these statues were buried by deluvium from the slope of the volcano. A characteristic feature of these statues is the lack of eyes, which is not characteristic of late moai statues. “The majority of moai (834, or 95%) was cut down in a large-block tachyllite basalt tuff or tuffite in the quarries of the volcano Rano Raraku” . Tuffites are rocks composed of volcanic and sedimentary material. The content of the latter is less than 50%. It is a fairly soft breed and suitable for processing with stone tools.

The remaining small statues are made of another stone, including: trachyt (22 statues), red basalt pumice (17 statues), basalt (13 statues), mujerite (1 statue). There is an idea that on Easter Island there are no basalt deposits within the coastal strip. In this regard, some researchers believe that basalt quarries can be located below sea level near the island, because they are very ancient, and thus the basalt moai carved from them is more ancient than claimed. Regarding the early moai, “During preliminary exploratory trips to Easter Island, Dr. Schoch found evidence that the earliest moai (those large stone heads and torsos that the island is rightfully famous for) differed significantly from the later moai. The earliest moai, apparently, were made of higher quality of hard basalts, compared with the majority of moai carved from volcanic tuff, dated to later periods ”.

It is likely that this statement is true only as a comparative qualitative assessment. Apparently, we are talking about a more durable volcanic tuff (tuff breccia) – a rock composed almost exclusively of volcanic material (more than 90%). All this only says that the existing chronology of the manufacture of moai is approximate. It is likely that the period of manufacture of moai can be significantly extended towards the early existence of Easter Island.

Platforms (pedestals) akhu on Easter Island

Compared to statues, the moai of the platform (pedestal) on Easter Island are less known to a wide circle of interested people. The author of this article was no exception. And when I had to dive into this topic, it became clear that these platforms literally became a “GIFT OF DESTINY”. This will be understood further, but for now it is just necessary to describe this reality.

On Easter Island, numerous stone structures have been built along the coastline, most of which are elongated rectangles lined on the periphery with processed (originally) stone blocks made of basalt tuff (very hard and heavy material), well ground together or with a torn stone (depending from the platform), forming a space inside this structure, filled with a small torn stone mixed with sand and soil, that is, something like “clogging” the empty space was done. It should be noted that the upper faces of the stone blocks form a horizontal plane. The same condition is typical for other platforms. From this construction towards the island adjoins a certain semblance of an inclined ramp made of soil and sand, which is decoratively decorated with stones. Some researchers believe that the so-called ramp was formed as a result of the flow of ocean waves carrying stones, sand, etc. 6 shows the design of a typical platform.

 The sizes of these structures are very diverse in length from fairly small to 150 m and more than 4 m in height. The width of these structures is several meters. “On a tiny island, there are at least 313 platforms that form an almost continuous line around the coast – except for those places where there are high cliffs (although there are several at the edges of these rocks). They accumulate near caves or zones favorable for agriculture, in those areas that are suitable for habitation ”.

As previously noted, the ahu platforms and moai statues in the heads of many are inextricably linked, such as a plaster bust for someone and a stand for him. It should be noted that not all researchers share this opinion, motivating this by the fact that the moai statue needs a rigid foundation, and not a “backfill” in the platform. And this is convincing enough! With modern reconstruction, the moai on the platform are not shy about using cement for the strength of the joints.

Why were the largest and earliest moai statues erected?

In this section, we will consider the statues installed on the slope of the volcano Rano Raraku, which were mostly buried by deluvium from the slope of the volcano. Without exaggeration, such statues can be called megaliths. If these statues were cut down without external decoration in the form of a human likeness, then these statues would not differ much from ordinary menhirs installed in some places.

In early articles, the author analyzed in sufficient detail the question of the designation from an engineering point of view of individual megalithic complexes in the British Isles , , on the island of Malta , Egypt , and everywhere the purpose of megalithic complexes was reduced in fact, to one task – to activate the output of geoelectricity from the surface of the earth to the space above the ground. This was carried out due to the acoustic effect on the quartz-containing megalith or its separate element. Upon acoustic exposure, the quartz components generated an alternating electric field, which released electrons on the surface of the earth into the environment above the earth. Their further spread was only up.

As for the moai statues, basalt, and, consequently, the basalt tuff from which the early moai statues are made, contains quartz inclusions. This allows us to draw an analogy between the statues of moai and menhirs in megalithic complexes.

Mounted moai statues on the slopes of Rano Raraku volcano are open to air currents over Easter Island. These air currents themselves can be a source of mechanical impact on the statues. The carved nostrils, the nose itself and the eye sockets on the statues, and the statues themselves, can be a whole source of sound when they flow around them with an air stream. That is, these statues can themselves be a source of sound, which, in particular, will affect the quartz inclusions in the statues, thus creating an alternating electric field. The acoustic impact can also be the ocean around the island, the sound of the surf and any other.

It is likely that the sound from the statues could be perceived by the locals as a conversation between them or with them.

The alternating electric field created by acoustic influences in the moai statues is itself a favorable medium for the propagation of electrons of geoelectricity. Spreading over the statue and its surface, the electrons reach its upper part, where the red pucao cylinder from pumice is located. It was previously noted that red pumice in its composition contains iron, which suggests its relatively increased electrical conductivity. Thus, a porous pumice stone can serve as an analogue of a hollow sphere and concentrate electricity on the external surface, and porosity on its surface creates many fine lines from which electricity can drain off the tip. This design is an analog of a static electricity generator. And with intensive drainage of electricity from the edges of the red cylinder, this design becomes a pump of geoelectricity. It is likely that such an explanation puts equality between menhirs and moai statues. It is safe to say that if there is a red (black) cylinder on the moai statue, then this statue is a pump of geoelectricity. This can be extended to smaller moai statues.

Let’s say that this is true and the statues on Easter Island are pumps of geoelectricity.

In this case, an enhanced flow of geoelectricity from the depths of the earth’s crust to its surface is formed under the surface of Easter Island. What is it for? It turns out it is necessary to reduce volcanic activity on the island. For people living on a small island, and even with volcanoes, this is the most important task for survival. It is necessary that the volcano does not destroy all life.

Volcanic activity is largely determined by the state of the asthenosphere, located in the upper mantle of the Earth under the earth’s crust. The asthenosphere consists of magma, which under certain conditions can escape to the surface of the Earth. One of these conditions is its temperature. In accordance with hypothesis , the heating of the asthenosphere occurs due to electric currents in it. To reduce the temperature of the asthenosphere in any of its sections, it is necessary to reduce the electric current in this section. This means taking part of the electrons at this site and directing them towards the earth’s crust. At first glance, this task seems fantastic, but if you install a geoelectricity pump on the Earth’s surface, which draws electrons from the Earth’s surface into airspace, you can create a potential difference that will constantly create a flow of geoelectricity from the bowels of the Earth to its surface.

It can be unequivocally argued that this idea itself could not have arisen in the heads of the indigenous inhabitants of Easter Island, busy with the issue of survival. This idea belongs to a developed civilization that has recognized the nature of Earth tectonics. It follows that the early moai statues on the slopes of the volcano Rano Raraku were made and installed during this civilization.

Why were you installed ahu platforms

A large number of akhu platforms on Easter Island, installed around the perimeter of the island and, interestingly, in places with fertile land, were previously noted. This principle of choosing a place with fertile land exactly corresponds to the location of megalithic temples on the island of Malta . This approach guarantees freer access to geoelectricity and it can be assumed that akhu platforms as well as moai statues on the slopes of Rano Raraku volcano and megalithic temples on the island of Malta are pumps of geoelectricity and this is justified.

The stone blocks bordering the akhu platform are either basaltic or its “derivatives” (basaltic tuff, etc.), and, therefore, there are inclusions of quartz in them. The boot with which the internal space of the platforms is filled, it is possible that it is also quartz-containing.

The proximity to the coastline creates favorable conditions for acoustic impact on the akh platform due to the noise of the surf, the interaction of air flows and ocean waves, etc.

It can be argued that akhu platforms, like moai statues, are pumps that draw geoelectricity from the bowels of the earth to its surface. Thus, someone created a whole system of structures covering the entire Easter island, including several volcanoes.

In , it was argued that an increased level of the flow of geoelectricity from the bowels of the earth can affect the activity of earthquakes. For Easter Island, this is also true. There have never been high-rise buildings on this island with engineering structures, technical power supply facilities, or anything else familiar to us, but there were people on this island who wanted to live. An earthquake in the ocean often provokes huge tsunami waves that can change the island beyond recognition and put a bullet in the history of human life on it.

Earthquakes occur in places of monstrous compression (tension, shear) of a substance at the moment of loss of mechanical stability. In this case, a rock shift occurs in these places and this movement as a wave propagates in all directions. If there is a flow of geoelectricity in these places, they are heated, which reduces the maximum allowable voltage at which there is a loss of mechanical stability. As a result, the rock shift becomes less energetic, and the perceived earthquake will be weaker.

Thus, moai statues and akhu platforms, together creating a stream of geoelectricity from the bowels of the earth, simultaneously solve the problem of reducing tectonic activity, both on the island itself and in its surrounding environment.

Why did they install smaller moai statues on platforms?

It is uniquely difficult to answer this, but there are several factors that suggest that these were intuitively meaningful actions:

1. Finished smaller moai statues are similar in appearance to the earlier moai statues. They had places for eyes that were said to be colored with coral. The material from which these moai were made contains a larger percentage of sedimentary rocks. This made it softer and could be worked with a stone hammer;
2. On the heads of these moai there was a red or black cylinder made of pumice. Later builders completely repeated the components of the early construction, which convinces the same purpose of the early and late moai as geoelectricity pumps.

It remains unclear why the late moai began to be installed on platforms.

At the moment, these would be meaningful actions. Installing the moai statue on the platform is equivalent to connecting the two pumps in series. Total power should be higher. But how to determine this, if the electricity that is pumped from the Earth by the human senses cannot be measured, and the inhabitants of Easter Island did not know electricity at all.

It is likely that the case intervened. It was previously noted that there were several statues of moai of the usual size on the island, but from a different material. It is possible that once one or more of these statues were installed on platforms, for example for aesthetic reasons. At night, unexpectedly for residents, these statues began to emit flashes of light (discharges of electricity). For a person of even our time, surges of electricity in the church of the Holy Sepulcher for Easter are perceived as a MIRACLE. One can only speculate about the reaction of local residents of Easter Island to this phenomenon. Perhaps they suggested that the statues came to life, and they are endowed with a mysterious and magical power that can protect them from evil if asked to worship them.

This is all, of course, an assumption, but within the framework of physical laws. After that, each family or resident wanted to create an individual patron. So hundreds of moai statues were cut down.

It should be noted that with the installation of moai statues on platforms, the fight against tectonic activity only increased. Time has passed. The part of the asthenosphere under Easter Island has cooled so much that it has become colder and partially hardened. The danger of tectonic activity on the island disappeared. Along with this, the access of geoelectricity to the surface of Easter Island has become less accessible. The level of the upward flow of geoelectricity decreased and the moai statues on the ahu platforms ceased to glow. After that, they were overthrown from their pedestal.

This reconstruction of events does not claim to be reliable, but figuratively explains the possible physical processes in the bowels of the Earth and their manifestation on the surface of the island.

What can an excessive struggle with tectonic activity lead to?

In the numerous drawings in this article, you can pay attention to the very scarce vegetation on Easter Island. Existing ideas about the course of history on this island suggest that all the lush vegetation in the early period was spent on the manufacture and delivery of moai statues. But they are no longer manufactured for several hundred years, and during this period the plant nature has not become better, even in the twentieth century. Really, modern residents do not want to have a well-groomed green corner near their home. It is clear that Easter Island is a protected area under high patronage. In 1995, Rapanui National Park (Easter Island) became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Currently, the vegetation is very sparse. According to one version, between the 9th and 17th centuries there was an active felling of trees. According to another version, the trees died due to a long-term drought recorded during this period of time, which led to the disappearance of the forests on the island.

If we rely on the proposed reconstruction of events, it should be noted that the total struggle to create an “individual patron” at the first stage increased the flow of geoelectricity from the asthenosphere to the surface of the earth’s crust under Easter Island. If more current is passed through the electrical conductor, then the electrical conductor will heat up more. This probably also happened with the conductor of geoelectricity under Easter Island. The land under the island warmed up, changing the conditions for the growth of plants. As a result, many plants died. The effects of this heating are felt today. True “In recent decades, a small shoot of eucalyptus has begun to appear on the island. In the XVIII-XIX centuries grapes, banana, melon, and sugarcane were brought to the island ”.

In connection with the heating of the earth’s crust under Easter Island, various natural gases could be released, which are able to inhibit the vegetation and wildlife on the island. In the same way, greenhouse gases can be released.

Conclusion

If the hypothesis stated is based on the true laws of nature, then one should recognize the existence of a highly educated civilization in the past, which was able not only to understand the nature of tectonic activity, but also to relatively successfully counteract this negative phenomenon for humanity and all biota.

People believed that the moai statues would help them and protect them from negative manifestations of nature, and it turned out that this was TRUTH! But it turned out that this desire should have reasonable restrictions. Excessive struggle with tectonic activity can lead to a change in the temperature state of the soil, which can adversely affect the flora and fauna.

In this article, attention was drawn to the fact that Easter Island researchers, comparing the polygonal laying of blocks in the ahu platforms and the polygonal laying in megalithic complexes of South America, noted their similarity. It can be assumed that individual megalithic complexes in the form of strange walls in the highlands of South America could be similar tools to combat tectonic activity. It can also be assumed that similar technology was ubiquitous.

It is especially important for the author of this article that the ancient technology of fighting tectonic activity, which was used on Easter Island, largely coincides with the proposed methods in and .

It can be argued that Easter Island with its secrets is actually an outstretched hand of help to today’s civilization from an obscure and mysterious past. Our task is to gratefully accept this helping hand and comprehend these phenomena. If we do this, we will save ourselves and our entire civilization. Is this not a worthy goal of the scientific community?

We often have to deal with various diseases that are associated with viral infections. We hear that viruses can be biological weapons, and hundreds of thousands of people die from them. Yes, the AIDS virus has caused a pandemic all over the planet, and the Ebola virus can kill entire villages in Africa. But … There are scientists who claim that viruses are one of the important factors of evolution. How could it happen that one of the enemies of mankind helped him become the head of nature? To begin with, how viruses live in human cells and what they need from us.

Viruses infect not only animals, but also plants, fungi, bacteria and even other viruses. It is believed that at some stage of evolution, these agents separated from the cellular forms and continued to evolve in parallel. What is the purpose of the virus in striking a cell? To begin with, no virus can propagate outside the host cell, it is a non-cellular life form that contains only DNA / RNA and some proteins that protect genetic information and are necessary for the first stages of cell infection. Once in the cell, the virus needs to multiply as efficiently as possible, using cell enzymes, which in most cases disrupts its work.

In addition, very often the viral particles that are formed in the cell can kill it during exit into the intercellular space. But it’s very unprofitable to kill your house. Because most viruses have their own host, such as the human herpes virus, which infects the human race for a long time. Such viruses have adapted to their hosts and do not cause them significant harm. Therefore, approximately 95% of the world’s population has the human herpes virus, but this does not threaten us with extinction.

Moreover, some scientists insist that if we got rid of our “ordinary” viruses, then, perhaps, new, more aggressive pathogens would take their place. This is the first factor in the joint evolution of viruses and cell forms (including humans), which is carried out approximately according to this scheme. A new virus affects, for example, a population of people, those members of a population that cannot cope with this virus die or become ill. And those who can at least somehow fight this disease continue to live and give birth to the same persistent children, that is, they transmit their genetic information. In turn, the virus can also mutate. That is, those strains that were aggressive and killed their owners do not have the ability to reproduce, and those that are less aggressive allow their owners to live and, as a result, successfully reproduce, like those that others.

That is why those viruses that we are not masters of, for example, animal viruses, are especially dangerous for us (cases of human infection with a plant or bacterial virus are not yet known). The same HIV “migrated” to us from monkeys that are resistant to it and do not suffer from any AIDS-related diseases. Scientists suggest that by 2300, HIV will not carry mortal danger for people as well as the human herpes virus. But if we talk about evolution, then this is not only the case.

Depending on the form in which the virus encodes the genetic information and the life cycle, they can reproduce in very different ways. One of the most interesting ways is the reproduction of retroviruses. These are RNA-containing viruses that, once inside a cell, synthesize DNA from this RNA, this DNA integrates into the host genome, and already from it, together with useful proteins, the cell synthesizes viral as well. A cell doesn’t know which DNA it is and which virus it is, since this DNA is in my genome, it’s worth doing what is written on it. And if such a virus is embedded in germ cells, then it will be very easily transmitted in a vertical way, that is, from parents to the child. And the child will pick up a couple more of these viruses and pass them on to his children, and so on.

Over time, the immune system will respond to some viruses and learn how to deal with them, and the viral DNA that is deactivated in the genome, but perhaps there are some sequences in the DNA that were not in the cell before, and they can greatly facilitate its life then the “smart” cell will not deactivate them. It is believed that 5-8% of the human genome contains retroviruses. Yes, perhaps this is a “time bomb,” as some scientists say, and once these retroviruses can come to life, but maybe this is the reason that we are what we are. Nature is not stupid; it will not do anything to its own detriment. So it’s worth fighting new epidemics, but don’t be too afraid of them, because there are two ways: either development or degradation, there is no other way.

The purpose of our work: to find out whether indicator plants can be used to determine soil acidity.

• The object of our study was the soil.

• The subject of the study is soil acidity.

In accordance with the foregoing, we decided on the objectives of the study:

• Study literature on:

a) what is the acidity of the soil;

b) methods of eliminating soil acidity;

c) what is a hydrogen indicator.

Determine the acidity of soils where indicator plants grow using universal indicator paper.

• Literature review

Soil acidity

Soil is a thin layer of earth that gives life to plants, formed by transforming the surface layers of the lithosphere, by the combined action of water, air and organisms. Soil consists of genetically related horizons that reflect the evolution of soil formation. In it, our “green companions” find support for the roots, nutrients, water, and their growth and development depend on its properties.

One of the important properties of the soil is acidity. It is due to the presence in the soil of organic and mineral acids, physiologically acid salts. Organic acids are formed in the process of decay of the remains of plants and animals in the absence of aeration (air access) of the soil. Such, for example, peatlands. Physiologically acid salts are understood as mineral fertilizers introduced into the soil, such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, which increase the acidity of the soil as a result of systematic use, which is not accompanied by liming. Also, acids in the soil accumulate when precipitation, spring meltwater, calcium and magnesium are washed out of it. This process is characteristic of podzolic soils, therefore they have, as a rule, high acidity. An additional factor in increasing soil acidity is acid rain, containing sulfuric and partially nitric acid.

The acidity of the soil is directly related to the absorption by the plants of the nutrients necessary for their growth. Too acid and alkaline soils are unfavorable for most plants because they dissolve nutrients poorly. For example, on acidic soils, a significant part of the phosphorus fertilizers introduced goes into an insoluble, difficult to reach form for plants. Also, in acidic soils, the solubility of compounds of iron, manganese, aluminum, boron, copper, zinc; with an excess of these elements, plant productivity decreases. At the same time, high acidity lowers the availability of such an important trace element as molybdenum.

Bacteria are poorly developed in acidic soils. This means that the transition of humus to soluble mineral salts slows down. In addition, acidic soils do not dry well in spring, and then quickly dry out and become crusty. Strongly acidic and acidic soil is not tolerated by earthworms, the absence of which significantly reduces its fertility.

Chemical land reclamation.

Chemical reclamation is carried out to improve the quality of soils with high acidity or alkalinity. In the first case, liming is carried out, in the second, gypsum plating.

Liming acts on the soil in many ways: it improves the activity of nodule and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, increases the coagulating ability of soil colloids, and therefore increases the effectiveness of mineral fertilizers by 30-40%; improves soil structure, their water and air regime; contributes to the development of the root system of plants.

The main lime fertilizer is ground limestone CaCO3. Water-insoluble calcium carbonate under the influence of carbon dioxide (the product of the vital activity of microorganisms) and water turns into soluble calcium hydrogen carbonate, which is hydrolyzed by anion. The resulting hydroxide anion also neutralizes the excess of hydrogen cations in acidic soils.

Cultivated plants react differently to soil acidity and liming. Alfalfa, cabbage, clover, beets are very sensitive to soil acidity, they need a medium close to neutral (pH 6.2-7.2), so the soil must be liming. Wheat, barley, corn, peas, beans, vetch, turnip, rutabaga grow well with a slightly acid reaction (pH 5.1-6.0) and liming. Rye oats, timothy, buckwheat tolerate moderate acidity (pH 4.5-5.0) and respond positively to high doses of lime. Potatoes, flax, and sunflowers easily tolerate moderate acidity and require liming only on strongly and medium-acid soils. Lupine, tea bush are not very sensitive to soil acidity.

In addition to limestones, other carbonate minerals are used as lime fertilizers: calcareous tuff, dolomite, chalk.

Hydrogen indicator

The acidity of the soil denotes pH, and its degree is the corresponding figure.

PH is a hydrogen indicator, where the r-initial letter of the Danish word potenz is a mathematical degree; the letter H is the hydrogen symbol. This concept was introduced in 1909. Danish chemist S. Serensen to express the concentration of H + ions in solution. pH is the decimal logarithm of the concentration of H + ions taken with the opposite sign: pH = – Ig (H). Depending on the concentration of H + ions in the solution, the medium may be acidic, alkaline or neutral.

Distilled water is considered neutral. As a complex electrolyte, it slightly dissociates into H + and OH- ions, which are in equilibrium with the undissociation of Н2О molecules: Н2О – Н + + ОН-

It was established by experience that in 1 liter of water at room temperature (220 ° C) only 10–7 mol / L H2O undergoes dissociation and 10–7 mol / L H + ions and 10–7 mol / L OH– ions are formed. pH = – Ig (10-7) = 7

Thus, if pH = 7, = the medium is neutral;

pH <7, > acidic medium

pH>, < alkaline medium.

The pH of the solution can be determined using a universal indicator paper, which is a regular filter paper impregnated with a solution of a universal indicator. It is designed to determine the pH in the range from 1 to 10. Depending on the pH of the solution, the universal indicator paper takes on a different color, according to which the pH of the solution is determined using a standard color scale. Like an aqueous, soil solution with a pH of 7 is considered neutral if pH> 7 is alkaline and at pH <7 is acidic.

Different plants react differently to the acidity of the soil in different ways: some require acidic soils for their development, such plants are called acidophiles; others need close neutral soils; still others prefer alkaline soils; they are basophils. Each type of plant can exist only in the range of soil acidity (pH) inherent to it. Therefore, some plants act as indicators of soil acidity.

The so-called eurytopic plants normally develop over a wide range of acidity in soil solutions (from 3.0 to 7.5 and from 5.0 to 9.5). Therefore, they cannot be used as indicators of soil acidity. These plants include: wild strawberries, creeping buttercups, Mazibela, bird buckwheat, field bindweed.

Experimental part.

“Determination of soil acidity using plants – indicators and universal indicator paper.”

Equipment and reagents: a tablespoon or a baby scoop, tweezers, a porcelain mortar and pestle, scales, weights, universal indicator paper, beakers (100 ml.), Sample 1 N KCL solution.

Working process:

Determination of soil acidity using a plant indicator.

. We determined the site where the plant is an indicator, and the acidity of the soil on it using table 2.

Determination of soil acidity using universal indicator paper

a) The selection of soil samples, their storage and preparation for analysis

. Took 5 – 6 tablespoons of soil in different places of this site.

Note: In the forest, on the lawn, soil samples are taken from a depth of 5 – 10 cm. In the field, in the garden, in the meadow, the upper 15 – 20 cm of soil are used for sampling.

. Put all the samples in a plastic bag.

. Be sure to fill in the label indicating the date and place of sampling, plant indicator, your name.

. They put the label in a plastic bag with selected soil and brought it to the storage room.

 Note: since the soil in the plastic bag is very wet until the writing on the label disappears, stick it on both sides with tape (or put it in a small plastic bag).

. No more than a day later, the contents of the bag were poured onto a sheet of thick paper or a sheet of plastic film, mixed thoroughly and dried in air for 2 to 3 days, avoiding direct sunlight.

Note: It is not recommended to dry the soil on paper with text or drawings, as well as on any surfaces covered with paint. The storage room should be dry, well ventilated, free from air fumes of acids and gases.

. After drying, all foreign impurities (leaves, roots, small stones, etc.) were removed from the soil mixture with tweezers.

. They ground the soil in a porcelain mortar with a pestle until the diameter of the lumps exceeds 1 – 2 mm.

The crushed soil was placed in the same plastic bag along with the label.

a) Preparation of salt extract from the soil.

. Weighed on the scales of 10 g. Air – dry soil and placed it in a beaker.

. 25 ml were added to the sample. 1 n KCI solution (soil: water ratio = 1: 2.5).

. Shaken the mixture and left for a day.

. The next day, the solution was mixed and analysis started.

Note: for the preparation of 1 N. KCI solution must be dissolved in water 74.56 potassium chloride and bring the volume in the volumetric flask to 1 liter. The solution should be prepared at least a day before the analysis.

C) Determination of pH of salt extract using universal indicator paper.

. In a glass with a small amount of hoods, a strip of universal indicator paper was lowered.

. The pH value was determined by its color (with an accuracy of 0.5 pH) using a standard color scale showing the color of the paper at various pH values. The experiment was carried out three times.

Presentation of work results.

Conclusions

In the course of practical work, the acidity of the soil was determined using an indicator plant and universal indicator paper. It can be seen from the results of the work that the pH of the salt extract is within the limits of soil acidity typical of the plant. Therefore, these indicator plants (black currant, raspberry, warty quinoa, compact sphagnum, poisonous ranunculus, coltsfoot) can be used to determine the acidity of the soil.